> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://nocturne-xyz.gitbook.io/nocturne/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://nocturne-xyz.gitbook.io/nocturne/protocol-details/offchain-actors/bundler.md).

# Bundler

Bundlers collect "bundles" of Nocturne operations and submit them on-chain. Users subsidize bundler gas costs with additional tokens unwrapped in their operations. 

Nocturne utilizes batch verification of Groth16 proofs for all operations inside a bundle. This means that the more operations in a bundle, the lower the verification cost per operation. Bundlers can decide on the bundle size and contents by weighing a bundle's transaction cost against and the user gas fees included in the bundle's operations.